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| Registros recuperados: 26 | |
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| Gruere, Guillaume P.. |
| This paper reviews current trade-related regulations of genetically modified (GM) food and discusses their effects on developing countries. There is a large heterogeneity in current import approval and marketing policies of GM food worldwide. At the international level, the harmonization efforts are led by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety and the World Trade Organization. While internationally harmonized guidelines for safety approval have been finalized, we show that there is no clear consensus on labeling regulations for GM food, and there is an increasing risk of conflicts among international agreements. We analyze the GM food regulations of two large rich importers, Japan and the European Union (EU) and discuss... |
| Tipo: Report |
Palavras-chave: Genetically modified food; Developing countries; Biotechnology; Biosafety; Trade regulation; Labeling; International trade; Tariff; International Relations/Trade. |
| Ano: 2006 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/55422 |
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| Fontenele, Raimundo Eduardo Silveira. |
| In the last years sanitation companies have restrained their investments, not just due to the fact that the necessary resources of the sector exceed by far the classic possibilities of the national budgets financing, but also due to the fact that the traditional solution of external financings have their restrictions. It is also observed that the charges of tariffs, not considering the cost of the services done, have caused imbalances which also represent subsidized allocation of resources, mainly to private sector. From the application of two distinct methodologies - the long-term marginal cost and the contingent valuation method, this article has aimed to present tariff values to be charged from users of the Water Reuse of the Industrial District of... |
| Tipo: Journal Article |
Palavras-chave: Water reuse; Tariff; Long term marginal cost; Evaluation.. |
| Ano: 2007 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43708 |
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| Jayasinghe, Sampath; Beghin, John C.; Moschini, GianCarlo. |
| The United States is a large net exporter of corn seeds. Seed trade, including that of corn, has been expanding, but its determinants are not well understood. This paper econometrically investigates the determinants of world demand for U.S. corn seeds with a detailed analysis of trade costs impeding export flows to various markets, including costs associated with distance, tariffs, and sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) regulations. The analysis relies on a gravity-like model based on an explicit specification of derived demand for seed by foreign corn producers, estimated based on data from 48 countries and for the years 1989 to 2004. An SPS count variable is incorporated as a shifter in the unit cost of seeds faced by foreign users. A sample selection... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Corn; Distance; Phytosanitary; Seeds; SPS; Tariff; Technical barriers; Trade cost.; Demand and Price Analysis; Crop Production/Industries; International Relations/Trade. |
| Ano: 2009 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/46589 |
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| Devadoss, Stephen; Kuffel, Martin. |
| The United States has used tax credit and mandate to promote ethanol production. To offset the tax credit availed by the imported ethanol, the United States instituted an import tariff. This study ascertains the appropriate U.S. ethanol import tariff corresponding to the U.S. domestic policies by setting the policy-induced ethanol price equal to the free market price. The theoretical results from a horizontally-related ethanol-gasoline partial equilibrium model of three countries (the United States, Brazil, and the Rest of the World) show that the United States should provide an import subsidy rather than impose a tariff. The empirical results quantify that this import subsidy is $0.10, instead of a $0.57 import tariff, per gallon of ethanol. |
| Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation |
Palavras-chave: Ethanol imports; Mandate; Subsidy; Tariff; Tax credit; International Relations/Trade; F13. |
| Ano: 2010 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/60889 |
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| Niemi, Jyrki S.; Huan-Niemi, Ellen. |
| China's trade with the world doubled after joining the WTO. This study attempts to identify and measure quantitatively the effects of changing economic environment and trade policies on China's global agricultural imports as well as imports from the EU. The approach is to model behavioral relationships in the agricultural trade between China and the EU by using annual trade data from 1986 to 2005. The results indicate that Chinese agricultural imports are relatively inelastic to absolute price changes, but relative price changes significantly affect the market shares of EU exports due to price competition. Trade liberalization in the form of tariff reductions is trivial in changing the quantity of China's agricultural imports from the EU. Rapid income... |
| Tipo: Journal Article |
Palavras-chave: China; EU; WTO; Agricultural imports; Income; Tariff; Price; Model; International Relations/Trade. |
| Ano: 2007 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/8163 |
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| Margolis, Michael; Shogren, Jason F.. |
| Trade has become the main mode of transport for many invasive species including diseases and agricultural pests. Most species are brought to their new homes unintentionally, which constitute a market failure rooted in international trade. Unless it is practical to drive invasion risk to zero, the external costs may justify a tariff. In this paper we analyze the political process likely to govern the formation of tariffs so justified, using a straightforward incorporation of an invasive species externality into Grossman and Helpman's well-known political economy model. We show our measure of disguised protectionism -the gap between the optimal tariff and that set in the equilibrium of the political economy game- is equal to the tariff that would be set if... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Invasive species; Protectionism; Tariff; Political economy; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q17; Q56; Q57. |
| Ano: 2004 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10770 |
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| Lim, Song-Soo. |
| The purpose of this paper is to simulate the proposed modality in market access and estimate its potential impacts on Korea's tariff profile. By accommodating a tiered formula for tariff reduction, the modality attempts to harmonize tariffs across products and countries. When no flexibility in tariff cuts is taken into account, Korea would face up to 68 percent reduction in tariffs in an average term (the baseline). The provision of sensitive products in which the tariff cuts are allowed to deviate from the tiered formula by two-thirds at a maximum is likely to bring about 11 percentage points of maximum tariff saving effects compared with the baseline case. Besides, Korea would be able to maximize savings in tariff reductions by 25 percentage points by... |
| Tipo: Journal Article |
Palavras-chave: Tariff; Tiered formula; Modality; Market access; Doha Round; Korea; Agribusiness; Agricultural and Food Policy; Agricultural Finance; International Relations/Trade. |
| Ano: 2008 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/45677 |
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| Brown, Mark G.. |
| GJ exports account for a major part of Florida as well as U.S. GJ sales, accounting for 41.5% and 36.9% of total Florida GJ sales in 2008-09 and 2009-10. The largest export market in many of the recent years has been the EU. The EU imposes a 12% ad valorem tariff on GJ imports, resulting in a higher price for GJ there and a lower volume demanded than would be expected otherwise. Based on the analysis of this study, it is estimated that removal of the EU tariff would result in increased sales of GJ in the EU, benefitting consumers in Europe, and a higher price for Florida growers. The Florida grower price and annual revenue were estimated to increase by $.06 per SSE gallon and $3.6 million, respectively, if the EU tariff were removed. |
| Tipo: Report |
Palavras-chave: European Union; Tariff; Grapefruit juice price; Agribusiness. |
| Ano: 2011 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/104336 |
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| Regmi, Anita; Gehlhar, Mark J.; Wainio, John; Vollrath, Thomas L.; Johnston, Paul V.; Kathuria, Nitin. |
| Market access remains a major impediment for expansion of global trade in high-value foods, particularly processed foods. Countries use tariffs and other measures that effectively stimulate imports of relatively unprocessed agricultural commodities at the expense of processed products. Tariff escalation, in which tariffs rise with the level of processing, discourages trade in high-value foods, and trade remedy measures, such as antidumping duties, are concentrated among high-value products. Globalization has provided countries with easier access to capital and technology needed to produce processed food, further affecting trade patterns and markets for high-value foods. A uniform cut in tariffs increases trade in high-value foods more than trade in raw... |
| Tipo: Report |
Palavras-chave: Food trade; Processed food; High-value foods; Tariff; Tariff escalation; Trade remedy measures; Sanitary and phytosanitary measures; Safeguard measures; Revealed comparative advantage; Trade complementarities; International Relations/Trade. |
| Ano: 2005 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/33999 |
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| Schmitz, Troy G.. |
| Agricultural sales cooperative unions (ASCUs) in Turkey are heavily influenced by both domestic and international government policies. Both export taxes and import tariffs are used as policy tools to regulate cotton markets. Domestic price support programs, water subsidies, fertilizer subsidies, and credit subsidies have also been used as domestic policy tools. These types of subsidies are not uncommon among developing countries. This paper provides empirical estimates of the degree of economic inefficiency associated with government intervention in Turkish cotton markets. A two-region partial equilibrium model of cotton exports and imports is developed under the "small country assumption" to obtain empirical estimates of the deadweight welfare loss... |
| Tipo: Journal Article |
Palavras-chave: Export tax; Tariff; Agricultural policy; Turkey; Cotton; Agricultural cooperatives; Welfare; State trading enterprises; International Relations/Trade. |
| Ano: 2002 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/15510 |
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| Jeon, Sang-Gon. |
| This study estimates the potential impacts of the Doha Development Agenda (DDA) on the Korean raw-milk market. The DDA has not reached an agreement yet. Although there are different attitudes about several issues such as Special Safeguard Mechanism (SSM), Sensitive Products (SP), and Tariff Rate Quota (TRQ) creation, WTO member countries have reached an agreement for major issues of the modalities in the DDA. Hence, this study estimates the impacts of the DDA that will finally reach an agreement sooner or later. For estimating the impacts of the DDA, this study makes a dairy trade model for the Korean dairy industry and measures the impacts of the DDA in terms of raw-milk price for fluid use incurred by further tariff cuts in the Korean dairy market by the... |
| Tipo: Journal Article |
Palavras-chave: DDA; Dairy; Milk; Tariff; Price equivalent; Agricultural and Food Policy; Demand and Price Analysis; International Relations/Trade; Livestock Production/Industries. |
| Ano: 2009 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/90681 |
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| Weldon, Richard N.; VanSickle, John J.. |
| The Florida citrus industry operates in a competitive global market. However, unlike program crops, producers in this industry do not benefit from direct income support under the new Farm Bill. There is concern about the impact of elimination of the orange juice tariff on the financial health of the Florida orange industry. The purpose of this paper is to examine the level of government expenditure that would be needed to provide income support to orange producers if the orange juice tariff were eliminated. For the span of the Bill direct payments to corn are estimated to total $25.1 billion. By comparison the direct expenditures incurred for an income support program for oranges would be substantially less. In the early years with the tariff in place the... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Income support program; Oranges; Tariff; FSRIA; Agricultural and Food Policy; Crop Production/Industries. |
| Ano: 2002 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/15683 |
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| Registros recuperados: 26 | |
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